[76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. Among those who migrated with the Ngolo were various other nations who would later become part of the Oroko ethnic group. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. Collection of Eli Bentor. jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . . I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Alternate titles: Egbo, Ekpo, Leopard society. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. . They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. Explain. The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. AHR ~ 125 [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. The Efik Language and Its Future. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. Ed Keazor Follow Barrister-at-Law Advertisement Advertisement Recommended The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. [36] This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. the exhibition explores the long- Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. According to E.U. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. . It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. [37] The items believed to have been taken include Ikpaya (woven raffia robe), Akata (throne) and Ayang (Broom). [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. Among the earliest proponents of the Ibibio origin theory are Consul Hutchinson who stated, "The present inhabitants of Duke town, Old town and Creek town are descendants of the Egbo shary or Ibibio tribe up the Cross River. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. There are two distinct but related societies. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. . Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46.