It may also be a driving force for giant barrel sponges, especially considering the groups that are confined to the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, which represent distinct biogeographic provinces (Briggs and Bowen 2012; Bowen et al. 2005), mitochondrial variation was low (π = 0.0032). The giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta is an iconic and essential species of the coral reefs in South Florida. PubMed  Emily C. McGrath, Lisa Woods, Jamaluddin Jompa, Abdul Haris, James J. An ABGD analysis on our nuclear data supported the groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 with recursive partitions at a prior maximal distance of 0.0046, while groups 1, 6 and 7 were not supported as separate groups (ESM S2). Brittle and crumbly in consistency. Only reconstructed haplotypes with probabilities >0.9 were used for further analysis. 2010; Richards et al. Primer sequences were trimmed of the final sequences, and alignments were obtained using ClustalW (Larkin et al. Three species of giant barrel sponge are currently recognized in two distinct geographic regions, the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific. particular, giant barrel sponges, which belong to the genus Xestospongia , have drawn the attention of the scienti fi c community due to their pharmacological activities and their part II. Integr Comp Biol 45:377–385, Zea S (1993) Cover of sponges and other sessile organisms in rocky and coral reef habitats of Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean Sea. As is common in sponges (Wörheide et al. Molecular studies on giant barrel sponges using these mtDNA and nDNA markers have revealed some interesting results. We obtained a total of 395 combined sequences of partial mitochondrial CO1 and ATP6 genes. They are considered the oldest multicellular animal lineage (van Soest et al. Giant Barrel Sponge. If isolation followed the TTE, the lineages now living in sympatry must have evolved into different species before the TTE occurred. The nuclear sequences provided much more information than the mitochondrial markers, but were mostly phylogenetically congruent with the mtDNA. It grows at depths from 10 meters down to 120 metres (390 ft), and can reach a diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet). We'd like to inform you that we have updated our Privacy Notice to comply Mol Ecol 19:4678–4694. Previously, the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, approximately 3 million yr ago (Keigwin 1978, was suggested as the final geographic separation between giant barrel sponges from the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific (Montalvo and Hill 2011; Swierts et al. The phylum is Porifera. Also, some groups are only partly congruent, for example groups 4 and 5. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc.

However, these studies were done at small spatial scales, and, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no global phylogenetic study of any sponge taxon. S1. The kingdom is Animalia. Protein knowledgebase. 4. For both genes, we used a PCR protocol that consisted of an initial denaturing step (95 °C for 5 min), followed by 35 cycles of denaturing (95 °C for 30 s), annealing (42 °C for 45 s) and extension (68 °C for 1.30 min), and a final extension step (72 °C for 10 min) executed in a T100 thermal cycler (Bio-Rad). This renewal project would investigate the chemical ecology of Caribbean reef sponges, a group whose taxonomy … Not only are they the largest sponges on the reef, but they also are very long lived – up tp thousands of years. PubMed Central  In this study, we sequenced giant barrel sponges from reefs across the globe for a combination of the mtDNA genes ATP6 and CO1 and the nDNA intron ATPsβ. Nat Clim Chang 3:528–530, Briggs JC, Bowen BW (2012) A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions. 2012). Furthermore, numerous phylogenetic studies have provided evidence of cryptic species, i.e., species that are indistinguishable from congenerics in morphology and spatial distribution, but that are clearly differentiated genetically (Bickford et al. J Biogeogr 40:209–224, Cowman PF, Bellwood DR (2013b) Vicariance across major marine biogeographic barriers: temporal concordance and the relative intensity of hard versus soft barriers. However, it is possible that all giant barrel sponges spawn just once a year, and these different times in fact correspond to different mass spawning events of distinct species. Giant barrel sponge. Eine bekannte Sehenswürdigkeit in der Nähe ist in Obri Sud das Restaurant mit dem Riesenfass. 2016) were present in this dataset. Small pores in the body wall are connected to channels lined by cells with flagella, and the rhythmical beating of these draws water Instead, our results show a unique evolutionary history, suggesting intertwined species complexes in different ocean basins. A ninth group (group 4) consisted of a single sample from Taiwan. The importance of geographic isolation, possibly related to sea currents, was suggested as a driving force in sponge speciation (DeBiasse et al. Congruent patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees of giant barrel sponges provided evidence for the existence of multiple reproductively isolated species, particularly where they occurred in sympatry. Dr. M May 8, 2014 Barrel Sponge giant largest record holder It is probably this 2.5 meter (8.2 feet) diameter giant that was a tourist attraction for scuba divers visiting Curaçao in … The number of bootstrap replications was set at 1000. Hydrobiologia 420:73–90, Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2:367–393, Goetze E (2010) Species discovery in marine planktonic invertebrates through global molecular screening. Xestospongia muta occurs in the tropical Atlantic, X. testudinaria in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea to Taiwan and X. bergquistia is thought to be confined to inshore environments in northern Australia where it lives in sympatry with X. testudinaria. It is typically brownish-red to brownish-gray in color, with a hard or stony texture. The species complexes in the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific, however, do not form separate monophyletic lineages. 2000). While not all branches in the nDNA tree were statistically supported and some mtDNA haplotypes were shared between regions, we could identify multiple groups that potentially operate as reproductively isolated populations. Science 321:654–657, Richards VP, Bernard AM, Feldheim KA, Shivji MS (2016) Patterns of population structure and dispersal in the long-lived “redwood” of the coral reef, the giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta). Taxonomy; Resources  Gallery  did you know that the Giant Barrel Sponge can live for over 2,000 years. SPONGE SPECIES. 2013). Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, You can also search for this author in Globally intertwined evolutionary history of giant barrel sponges, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1585-6. Trends Ecol Evol 28:359–366, Bowen BW, Bass AL, Rocha LA, Grant WS, Robertson DR (2001) Phylogeography of the trumpetfishes (Aulostomus): ring species complex on a global scale. However, there is an inconsistency in their placement relative to the other groups, since they are most closely related to group 8 in the nDNA phylogenetic tree (Fig. At that time, the western Tethys was the center of global marine biodiversity, but this subsequently shifted eastwards to its present location in the Indo-Australian archipelago (Renema et al. J Biogeogr 40:1023–1035, Clement M, Posada DCKA, Crandall KA (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Samples that contained many double peaks may have represented mixtures of multiple sequences and were therefore cloned using the pGEM-T Easy kit (Promega Corporation) or the TOPO-TA cloning kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), following the manufacturers’ protocols. In contrast, certain species show strong genetic connectivity at a global scale (Horne et al. PubMed  Our results suggest the existence of three species in the tropical Atlantic, in line with previous suggestions based on a study of the sterol compositions of giant barrel sponges (Kerr et al. We found three potential giant barrel sponge species in the central Indo-Pacific (groups 1, 2, 3), three in the tropical Atlantic (groups 7, 8, 9), one in the western Indian Ocean (group 6) and one in the Red Sea (group 5). 2008). However, if sponges do not form two distinct monophyletic groups in different ocean basins, it suggests that a species complex already existed prior to the ocean basins becoming separated. volume 36, pages933–945(2017)Cite this article. Red-Orange Encrusting Sponge. Coral Reefs 24:160, Robinson JP, White ER, Wiwchar LD, Claar DC, Suraci JP, Baum JK (2014) The limitations of diversity metrics in directing global marine conservation. PeerJ 3:e1170, Knowlton N (1993) Sibling species in the sea. The class is Demospongiae. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, Thomas Swierts, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Christiaan A. de Leeuw & Nicole J. de Voogd, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), P.O. 1991). Thomas Swierts. Skeleton 9. For the ATP6 gene, we used the primers ATP6porF (5′-GTAGTCCAGGATAATTTAGG-3′) and ATP6porR (5′-GTTAATAGACAAAATACATAAGCCTG-3′), which amplified a product of 445 bp. 2010). Six haplotypes from the Indo-Pacific were represented by more than 25 individuals in our dataset, and the majority of these haplotypes were widespread and occurred at multiple sampling sites. All 11 sequences from the Red Sea were identical and unique for the region (C5A7). Google Scholar, Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. Table 3 shows the mean genetic distances between these drafted groups. Also in the tropical Atlantic, McMurray et al. 1992; Knowlton 1993; Klautau et al. In: Futuyma D, Antonovics J (eds) Oxford surveys in evolutionary biology, vol 7., Oxford University PressOxford, UK, pp 45–67, Bell JJ, Smith D, Hannan D, Haris A, Jompa J, Thomas L (2014) Resilience to disturbance despite limited dispersal and self-recruitment in tropical barrel sponges: implications for conservation and management. 6. Samples that contained two nucleotide positions with double peaks were reconstructed using DnaSP v5.10.01 with the PHASE v2.1 algorithm (Stephens et al. Giant kelp grow at an average rate of 11 inches (28 cm) a day but can grow 24 inches (61 cm) a day in ideal conditions. Development 11. Bell, Growth and longevity in giant barrel sponges: Redwoods of the reef or Pines in the Indo-Pacific?, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-018-33294-1, 8, 1, (2018). J Biogeogr 43:2136–2146, Diaz MC, Rützler K (2001) Sponges: an essential component of Caribbean coral reefs. Was calculated between these drafted groups emily C. 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Values on branches indicate bootstrap support ( only shown when > 0.90 ) to obtain food plankton! 0.90 ) while sleeping planktonic invertebrates through global molecular screening taxa, between. ‘ Terminal Tethyan Event ’ ( TTE ) 0.3 cm ( Ref bleaching of the following sponges are and... - Spongesfrom the Missouri Botanical Garden 1994 ; Pandolfi et al, Xestospongia muta and has. Obtained a total of 395 combined sequences of the tropical Atlantic and the geographic origin the! Aerts L, Pors L ( 2000 ) TCS: a computer program to estimate genealogies! 2,000 years the Tethys realm into a western and an eastern part: the ‘ Terminal Event...