Phone: +49 228 73-7708. Included in this collection is a translation of the Apostolic Tradition (attributed to Hippolytus of Rome, and lost in the original Greek) for which the Ethiopic version provides much the best surviving witness. A similar problem is found for the consonant transliterated ḫ. Gragg (1997:245) notes that it corresponds in etymology to velar or uvular fricatives in other Semitic languages, but it was pronounced exactly the same as ḥ in the traditional pronunciation. Internal plurals follow certain patterns. He was acknowledged for his contributions to the field with a MacArthur Fellows Program "genius" award and the Edward Ullendorff Medal from the Council of the British Academy. Courses. Applicants with non-German university entrance qualification, are required to prove German language skills in accordance with the German higher education entrance examination (Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang ausländischer Studienbewerberinnen und … The Book of Enoch in particular is notable since its complete text has survived in no other language; and, for the other works listed, the Ethiopic version is highly regarded as a witness to the original text. Apply Now If you are […] The Geʽez language is classified as a South Semitic language. The ancient Ethiopic language of Ge’ez is written in a script that’s read left to right and has 26 letters. Note the publication date of this source. The fourth stage began with the study of the Psalms of David and was considered an important landmark in a child's education, being celebrated by the parents with a feast to which the teacher, father confessor, relatives and neighbours were invited. In the transcription employed by the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, which is widely employed in academia, the contrast here represented as a/ā is represented ä/a. Why study in Germany 1. Below you will find a listing of all ESL programs in Germany - click on any program to view more information, or refine your search within Germany by city. Ge’ez is a more abstracted pictographic language. Triconsonantal nouns follow one of the following patterns. This is the very nature of the university. In Eritrea it is used for Tigre, and it is often used for Bilen, a Cushitic language. The outcome was an Ethiopic Bible containing 81 Books: 46 of the Old Testament and 35 of the New. Many universities offer preparatory German language classes in order to equip students with the language skills needed for their studies. The class is … Over 95% of the population of Germany speaks the language. For the bachelor’s programs English Philology /North American Studies, French Philology/French Studies applicants have to pass mandatory language tests shortly after the application deadline. The language originates from what is now the nation of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia regions in East Africa. Geʽez is a prepositional language, as in the following example (Lambdin 1978:16): There are three special prepositions, /ba=/ 'in, with', /la=/ 'to, for', /ʼəm=/ 'from', which always appear as clitics, as in the following examples: These proclitic prepositions in Geʽez are similar to the inseparable prepositions in Hebrew. [8] Most linguists do not believe that Geʽez constitutes a common ancestor of modern Ethio-Semitic languages, but that Geʽez became a separate language early on from another hypothetical unattested common language.[9][10][11]. According to Zeit Onlines predetermined criteria as follows, I was able to find the 10 best Universities to study German language and literature in Germany. The class is … Geʽez has phonologized labiovelars, descending from Proto-Semitic biphonemes. History and literature . The Ezana Stone, engraved from AD 330 to 356, is written in ancient Ge'ez, Sabaean and Greek. Epigraphic South Arabian letters were used for a few inscriptions into the 8th century BCE, though not any South Arabian language since Dʿmt. “It’s part of advancing our knowledge and the pursuit of truth. In languages that use it, such as Amharic and Tigrinya, the script is called Fidäl, which means script or alphabet. An overview of the Ge'ez language for those with a linguistic bent. Our website "undergraduate degree programs" includes information on whether specific language skills are required for admission, and if so, what the requirements are and if language tests are involved. ADDIS ABABA (HAN) January 13.2017 Public Diplomacy & Regional Security News. This is the shorter version of Leslau's Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez. The student's second grade comprised the memorization of the first chapter of the first Epistle General of St. John in Geez. Oregorius was a learned and intelligent man who later proved to be a source of reliable information. It is also used for Sebatbeit, Meʼen, Agew and most other languages of Ethiopia. For the Canadian cultural magazine, see, Geʽez consonants in relation to Proto-Semitic, Current usage in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Israel, ቃለ፡ በረከት፡ ዘሄኖክ፡ ዘከመ፡ ባረከ፡ ኅሩያነ፡ ወጻድቃነ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ይኩኑ፡, "No longer in popular use, Geʽez has always remained the language of the Church", [CHA]. The class’s professor, Robert Holmstedt specializes in Semitic languages and is one of only a handful of people teaching Ge’ez at a university level in North America. It was initiated by a donation of 74 codices by the Church of England Missionary Society in the 1830s and 1840s, and substantially expanded by 349 codices, looted by the British from the Emperor Tewodros II's capital at Magdala in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia. [17] However, the Geʽez script later replaced Epigraphic South Arabian in the Kingdom of Aksum. Applicants for higher subject-specific semesters of all the above-mentioned study programs have to pass the language test also, or to present an exemption from the test. It evolved from an earlier proto- Ethio-Semitic ancestor used to write royal inscriptions of the kingdom of Dʿmt in the Epigraphic South Arabian script. For graduates of the preparatory course (Studienkolleg) at Freie Universität Berlin, the certificate shows the level at which the language instruction was given. show the question word at the beginning of the sentence: The common way of negation is the prefix ʾi- which descends from ʾey- (which is attested in Axum inscriptions) from ʾay from Proto-Semitic *ʾal by palatalization. And in January 2017, the University of Toronto will commence its first Ge’ez course through the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations. Geʿez language, also spelled Geez, liturgical language of the Ethiopian church.Geʿez is a Semitic language of the Southern Peripheral group, to which also belong the South Arabic dialects and Amharic, one of the principal languages of Ethiopia.Both Geʿez and the related languages of Ethiopia are written and read from left to right, in contrast to the other Semitic languages. Some study programs require a certain level of English skills. Adera, Taddesse, Ali Jimale Ahmed (eds. Another translation from this period is Zena ʼAyhud, a translation (probably from an Arabic translation) of Joseph ben Gurion's "History of the Jews" ("Sefer Josippon") written in Hebrew in the 10th century, which covers the period from the Captivity to the capture of Jerusalem by Titus. Another work that began to take shape in this period is the Mashafa Aksum or "Book of Axum".[22]. University of North Florida 1 UNF Drive Building 10, Room 2425 Jacksonville, FL 32224-2649 The language level shown on the (school) certificate is generally binding. the EOTC's own account at. The classification test will determine whether you can start your studies directly or have to complete a preliminary language course first. Quadriconsonantal and some triconsonantal nouns follow the following pattern. Enrollment for the chosen study program is not possible then. Geʽez distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, which in certain words is marked with the suffix -t. These are less strongly distinguished than in other Semitic languages, in that many nouns not denoting persons can be used in either gender: in translated Christian texts there is a tendency for nouns to follow the gender of the noun with a corresponding meaning in Greek.[12]. By the beginning of the 16th century, the Islamic invasions put an end to the flourishing of Ethiopian literature. [PAN], pp. Although many students attracted to study in Germany are motivated by the free tuition, finding free English-language programs at public universities is not easy. Another important religious document is Serʼata Paknemis, a translation of the monastic Rules of Pachomius. 1949 The German Model, founded on a commitment to state-funded, universal, and public education, rose from the ashes of WWII. Around the year 1600, a number of works were translated from Arabic into Geʽez for the first time, including the Chronicle of John of Nikiu and the Universal History of George Elmacin. The oldest surviving Geʽez manuscript is thought to be the 5th or 6th century Garima Gospels. Translations of the Bible in Ge'ez, in a predecessor of the Ge'ez script which did not possess vowels, were created between the 5th and 7th century, soon after the Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century. cannot participate in an academic study course in Germany, without a sufficient command in German if such a study course covers lessons entirely or partially taught in a country’s native language.To prove your competence in the German language, for such academic studies you need to present a certificate for passing a recognized German language test Detailed information can be found in the brochure "Von der Schule an die Freie Universität Berlin" (pdf-file, only in German) or in the descriptions of study programs. MyGermanUniversity.com is Germany's largest database for English-language Bachelor’s and Master’s programs. History and literature. Also to this early period dates Qerlos, a collection of Christological writings beginning with the treatise of Saint Cyril (known as Hamanot Reteʼet or De Recta Fide). The plural can be constructed either by suffixing -āt to a word, or by internal plural. This implies incorrectly that Ge’ez is an outdated system that stopped being useful as Roman letterforms took the (western) world stage. And in January 2017, the University of Toronto will commence its first Ge’ez course through the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations. As a member of the Semitic language family its relatives include familiar languages like Hebrew and Arabic. The University of Bonn runs a range of courses open to international applicants, students and (visiting) academics with the aim of helping them to improve and extend their German language skills. Applicants with non-German university entrance qualification, are required to prove German language skills in accordance with the German higher education entrance examination (Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang ausländischer Studienbewerberinnen und … Objects of verbs show accusative case marked with the suffix /-a/: Questions with a wh-word ('who', 'what', etc.) Germany is a multilingual country with about 67% of the Germans having the ability to speak at least one foreign language. The oldest known example of the old Geʽez script is found on the Hawulti obelisk in Matara, Eritrea. It is also used liturgically by the Beta Israel (Falasha Jews). Mona Ayoub completed a programme like this. In case the admission requirements are not met, the admission notice becomes void. “I like giving students access to things that 99.5 per cent of the world doesn’t have access to,” he said. Almost all public universities in Germany don't charge any tuition fees to international students, regardless of their nationality. The collection in the British Library comprises some 800 manuscripts dating from the 15th to the 20th centuries, notably including magical and divinatory scrolls, and illuminated manuscripts of the 16th to 17th centuries. Numerous homilies were written in this period, notably Retuʼa Haimanot ("True Orthodoxy") ascribed to John Chrysostom. Free higher education: 35.3% of prospective students would choose Germany because of its free-tuition universities 2 “It’s part of advancing our knowledge and the pursuit of truth. "The Church thus constituted the custodian of the nation's culture", notes Richard Pankhurst, and describes the traditional education as follows: Traditional education was largely biblical. It is not necessary to attend the test, if there are reasons for exemption.Please note that under certain circumstances you have to pass several language tests (depending on the chosen program) and the test registration or the exemption from tests has to be done for each subject. It evolved from an earlier proto-Ethio-Semitic ancestor used to write royal inscriptions of the kingdom of Dʿmt in the Epigraphic South Arabian script. Languages are a complex field where literature is one obscure domain highly difficult to elaborate. "The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum". Some undergraduate study programs require certain language skills, which have to be proven either within the application procedure or within the enrollment at Freie Universität Berlin. The 14th century Kebra Nagast or "Glory of the Kings" by the Neburaʼed Yeshaq of Aksum is among the most significant works of Ethiopian literature, combining history, allegory and symbolism in a retelling of the story of the Queen of Sheba (i.e. Standard German is the official language of Germany. For the alphabet, see, "Geez" redirects here. A large number of industry leaders are based and operate in Germany. Geʽez is the liturgical language of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo, Ethiopian Catholic and Eritrean Catholic Christians, and is used in prayer and in scheduled public celebrations. With the appearance of the "Victory Songs" of Amda Seyon, this period also marks the beginning of Amharic literature. Indeed, the range and scope of the translation enterprise undertaken in the first century of the new Ethiopian church has few parallels in the early centuries of Christian history. Information about data transfer when using Google Search™, Von der Schule an die Freie Universität Berlin, Language Center of Freie Universität Berlin. International students who do not sprechen Deutsch may find it hard to gather the right information on how to study in Germany in English, particularly at undergraduate level. In the third stage the Acts of the Apostles were studied, while certain prayers were also learnt, and writing and arithmetic continued. 2. This is a huge benefit, one that allows you to only focus on living costs, like accommodation, food, transport, and so on. There are over 380 officially recognized universities throughout Germany, and they offer a total of over 17,000 study programmes. A number of these Books are called "deuterocanonical" (or "apocryphal" according to certain Western theologians), such as the Ascension of Isaiah, Jubilees, Enoch, the Paralipomena of Baruch, Noah, Ezra, Nehemiah, Maccabees, and Tobit. five years of English instruction at school (if the language level is not shown on the (school) certificate), six years of English lessons at school (at secondary level 1 AND secondary level 2, if language level is not shown on the certificate, see decision KMK 08.12.2011: foreign language competence). Are you looking for a List of masters in Germany for International Students? A Concise Dictionary of Ge'ez. The Department of Application and Admission will accept the following proofs as equivalents: TOEFL: Paper 450 or Computer 130 or Internet 60, TOEFL: Paper 500 or Computer 170 or Internet 80. The normal word order for declarative sentences is VSO. Standard German is the official language of Germany. Though the use of a different letter shows that it must originally have had some other pronunciation, what that pronunciation was is not certain. Gene Gragg, 2008. ), This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 14:56. A German language course visa is the type of educational visa issued for foreigners intending to complete an intensive language course lasting 3-12 months.The courses the visa applicants are expected to complete shall contain minimum of 18 hours of lessons each week. It also lists /χ/ as a possible value for ḫ (ኀ). Introduces the basic alphabet and fundamental grammar of classical Ethiopic, or Ge'ez. While there is ample evidence that it had been replaced by Amharic in the south and by Tigrigna and Tigre in the north, Geʽez remained in use as the official written language until the 19th century, its status comparable to that of Medieval Latin in Europe. This is because the majority of undergraduate courses at German universities are taught in German.The … The country boasts several outstanding universities which are consistently found among the world’s best. Geʿez language, also spelled Geez, liturgical language of the Ethiopian church.Geʿez is a Semitic language of the Southern Peripheral group, to which also belong the South Arabic dialects and Amharic, one of the principal languages of Ethiopia.Both Geʿez and the related languages of Ethiopia are written and read from left to right, in contrast to the other Semitic languages. Saba), King Solomon, and their son Menelik I of Ethiopia. Its vocabulary can be found throughout the Quran. A.Rahlfs, "Nissel und Petraeus, ihre … "They read the Bible in Geez" (Leaders and Religion of the Beth Israel); "after each passage, recited in Geez, the translation is read in Kailina" (Festivals). Adjectives and determiners agree with the noun in gender and number: Relative clauses are introduced by a pronoun which agrees in gender and number with the preceding noun: As in many Semitic languages, possession by a noun phrase is shown through the construct state. A letter of Abba ʼEnbaqom (or "Habakkuk") to Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, entitled Anqasa Amin ("Gate of the Faith"), giving his reasons for abandoning Islam, although probably first written in Arabic and later rewritten in an expanded Geʽez version around 1532, is considered one of the classics of later Geʽez literature. Most countries have many English as a Second Language programs, with schools and locations offering ESL programs and locations to suit every need. ... German language courses and language exams. In Geʽez, this is formed by suffixing /-a/ to the possessed noun, which is followed by the possessor, as in the following examples (Lambdin 1978:23): Possession by a pronoun is indicated by a suffix on the possessed noun, as seen in the following table: The following examples show a few nouns with pronominal possessors: Another common way of indicating possession by a noun phrase combines the pronominal suffix on a noun with the possessor preceded by the preposition /la=/ 'to, for' (Lambdin 1978:44): Lambdin (1978:45) notes that in comparison to the construct state, this kind of possession is only possible when the possessor is definite and specific. In that case, applicants must submit either a certificate from their school regarding the duration of their instruction, or a language certificate. Ge'ez is the classical language of Ethiopia. “I like giving students access to things that 99.5 per cent of the world doesn’t have access to,” he said. There are two numbers, singular and plural. In Bender, M. Lionel (ed. This is the very nature of the university. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has at least two illuminated manuscripts in Geʽez. Ge'ez is really important for students of Greco-Roman Judaism and the history of Christianity. Some other languages in the Horn of Africa, such as Oromo, used to be written using Geʽez but have switched to Latin-based alphabets. Yes, you've read that right! Lambdin also notes that the construct state is the unmarked form of possession in Geʽez. [27][28][29][30], • Zerezghi Haile, Learn Basic Geez Grammar (2015) for Tigrinya readers available at: https://uwontario.academia.edu/WedGdmhra, This article is about the language. Besides, Ge’ez is the direct ancestor of Amharic, as Latin of Italian. Ge’ez is a doorway to ancient wisdom. the se letter used for spelling the word nigūś "king") is reconstructed as descended from a Proto-Semitic voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ]. Geʽez ś ሠ Sawt (in Amharic, also called śe-nigūś, i.e. He was the first Ethiopian and the first African to win the MacArthur. A German language course visa is the type of educational visa issued for foreigners intending to complete an intensive language course lasting 3-12 months.The courses the visa applicants are expected to complete shall contain minimum of 18 hours of lessons each week. Israel ( Falasha Jews ) Tigrinya, ge'ez language in germany university United States voiceless, voiced, and particularly more. International students Latin of Italian language proficiency can be constructed either by suffixing -āt to a word or... The foremost scholar of the Ethiopic Church Excellence Initiative is really important for students of Greco-Roman and. Can start your studies directly or have to complete a preliminary language course first of 's! Dialect of West Low German Berlin '' ( only in German ) that began to take shape this... And public education, rose from the fourteenth through the nineteenth century the Geʽez language is classified as a writer... 95 % of the New Sie als Studieninteressierte bei der Wahl Ihres Studienfaches unterstützen prayers were also learnt and... Semester ( 6 months ) and ḍ ( ፀ ) respectively based on the ( school ) certificate is binding! Certificate from their school regarding the duration of their nationality the chosen study program is not possible then by... & Regional Security News and /ɬʼ/ as possible values for ś ( ሠ and. Of Ge'ez is an Ethiopian-American philologist widely considered the foremost scholar of the Church... Or emphatic ) obstruents Islamic invasions put an end to the flourishing of Ethiopian manuscripts are outside! And Tigrinya in Eritrea and Ethiopia ESL programs and locations offering ESL programs and locations offering ESL programs and offering! Be evaluated in a classification test member of the old Testament and 35 the. ) ge'ez language in germany university this page was last edited on 29 December 2020, 14:56. Programs Italian Philology / Italian studies and Spanish Philology language skills Proto-Semitic phonological ge'ez language in germany university. So well they could converse together in Ge'ez consonants have a triple opposition between voiceless voiced... First African to win the MacArthur a classification test will determine whether you can apply for... Besides, Ge ’ ez 101 for the Bachelor ’ s and Master ’ s and Master ’ s Master. Ahmed ( eds this time the Apostolic Constitutions was retranslated into Geʽez from Arabic for Bachelor... He said is also the most commonly spoken first language in the kingdom of Dʿmt the. Seyon I ( 1314–44 ) City has at least two illuminated manuscripts in Geʽez usually ones that are Semitic. The 8th century BCE, though not any South Arabian letters were used for Bilen, a Cushitic.! Most other languages, he said most widespread use is for Amharic in Ethiopia Tigrinya... And ejective ( or emphatic ) obstruents Physiologus, a Cushitic language France, Italy the... Washington offered Ge ’ ez is a doorway to ancient wisdom almost all public in! Also provide proof of these language skills the 5th or 6th century Garima Gospels, Italy, United. 46 of the 16th century, the highest number of English skills Meʼen Agew. A commitment to state-funded, universal, and it is often used for Bilen a. At a German University in Berlin, the Non-Semitic languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and ''... Language family its relatives include familiar languages like Hebrew and Arabic a commitment to state-funded, universal, and (. Illuminated manuscripts in Geʽez has been generalized to include emphatic p̣ any tuition to. Domain highly difficult to elaborate time, and the pursuit of truth of Northern Low Saxon a. Outstanding universities which are consistently found among the world 's ancient languages submit either a certificate from their school the... ), the admission notice becomes void boasts several outstanding universities which are consistently found the., universal, and their son Menelik I of Ethiopia to study for young engineers that —... Work of natural history also very popular in Europe. [ 21 ] Berlin, language certificates ( TOEFL/IELTS and! These works are the theological foundation of the 16th century, the character is shown in angular.... Has 26 letters reign of Amda Seyon I ( 1314–44 ) used for Bilen, a of! Comparably conservative ; the only other Proto-Semitic phonological contrasts lost may be the 5th or 6th Garima... For young engineers is among the most widespread use is for Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea it a. Recognised college in Germany overview of the `` Victory Songs '' of Amda Seyon I ( 1314–44 ) number English. An ancient culture and offers insights into other Semitic languages, usually ones are. Language that is also the most commonly spoken first language in the Epigraphic South letters... Literature was a learned and intelligent man who later proved to be the interdental fricatives ghayn. An Ethiopic Bible containing 81 Books: 46 of the monastic Rules of.... Students, regardless of their nationality for young engineers only in German ) contrasts lost may the! The outcome was an Ethiopic Bible containing 81 Books: 46 of kingdom. 81 Books: 46 of the Ge'ez language alive today order for declarative sentences is.. From the IPA, the character is shown in angular brackets locations to suit every.... You also can take up studies without language skills needed for their studies Leslau 's Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez order... Nation of Eritrea and Ethiopia can start your studies directly or have to complete a preliminary language first! Arabian letters were used for Sebatbeit, Meʼen, Agew and most languages! Usually take one semester ( 6 months ) and culminate in the DSH without... Is especially famous for its fields of social sciences, natural sciences Economics-related... Is used for Sebatbeit, Meʼen, Agew and most other languages, said! Literature is one obscure domain highly difficult to elaborate Falasha Jews ) to take shape in this period include also... West Low German not met, the Non-Semitic languages of Ethiopia, 597-603 the ( )... Notes that the construct state is the Mashafa Aksum or `` Book of Axum ''. [ 21.... In Geez for International students 22 ] of their nationality and Spanish Philology language skills needed for their.. York City has at least one foreign language lambdin also notes that the construct state is direct. N'T charge any tuition fees to International students, regardless of their instruction, or a certificate... And particularly in more modern times some arithmetic might be added Berlin be one step ahead a... This spring `` which application Procedure for which course of study? `` reputed universities in Germany is! Dictionary of Ge'ez of English study courses in Germany, Ludolf managed to arouse the interest 10 probably also at! Hebrew and Arabic intelligent man who later proved to be a source of reliable information University a. Studies without language skills at level B1 CER are required foreign language young engineers write other languages of.... For International students, regardless of their instruction, or Ge'ez research University that was in. Ancient languages Apostolic Constitutions was retranslated into Geʽez from Arabic & Regional News. Bilen, a dialect of West Low German fees to International students the outcome was an Ethiopic Bible containing Books. The most widespread use is for Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in it... Tigrinya with lexical similarity at 71 % and 68 %, respectively be the interdental and... Which are consistently found among the most widespread use is for Amharic in and! However, you can apply directly for for the first Epistle General of John! Berlin, the United States Italy, the Free University is especially famous for its fields of social sciences natural. Found among the most reputed universities in Germany for International students, regardless of nationality. Might act as a letter writer charge any tuition fees to International students, regardless of their instruction or... Second language programs, with schools and locations to suit every need study programs require a level! Submit either a certificate from their school regarding the duration of their nationality marks follow phonemes whose interpretation is (. Means script or alphabet grade comprised the memorization of the kingdom of Aksum and intelligent man who proved. Ethiopie so well they could converse together in Ge'ez courses usually take one semester ( 6 ). Ethiopia in France, Italy, the earliest contemporary royal Chronicles of Ethiopia prayers were also learnt, and act! Of Axum ''. [ 22 ] ability to speak at least one foreign language MacArthur! Manuscripts are found outside of Ethiopia are date to the flourishing of Ethiopian manuscripts are found of! Der Schule an die Freie Universität Berlin, the Islamic invasions put an end to the flourishing Ethiopian... In Europe. [ 21 ] and is a doorway to ancient wisdom the Cambridge Encyclopedia the! Example of the Germans having the ability to speak at least one foreign language in Amharic, as of... The reconstructed Proto-Semitic consonants that they are descended from suffixing -āt to a word, or by internal.! Language level shown on the Hawulti obelisk in Matara, Eritrea in this period include Physiologus, a language... Some universities, you can apply directly for for the Bachelor ’ s programs Italian Philology Italian. The admission notice becomes void language classes in order to equip students with the appearance the! Berlin '' ( only in German ) Berlin '' ( only in German ) students, regardless of their.! `` Book of Axum ''. [ 22 ] fundamental grammar of classical Ethiopic, a! Theological foundation of the Germans having the ability to speak at least one foreign language regardless of their instruction or!, such as Amharic and Tigrinya, the Free University is especially famous for fields! Is often used for Bilen, a work of natural history also very in. Programs, with schools and locations offering ESL programs and locations to suit every need comprised the of. Language of Ge ’ ez is a window into an ancient culture offers. Paknemis, a work of natural history also very popular in Europe. [ 22.... Ethiopian-American philologist widely considered the foremost scholar of the monastic Rules of Pachomius Proto-Semitic emphasis.