Incidence of tubular hypoplasia/atrophy in the testes of Göttingen minipigs by quantitative analysis. Tubular hypoplasia/atrophy in the testes was evaluated using a semiquantitative method, in which the approximate percentage of tubule cross sections with the change was assessed. (, Franca, L. R., Silvia, V. A., Chiarini-Garcia, H., Garcia, S. K., Debeljuk, L. (, Goedken, M. J., Kerlin, R. L., Morton, D. (, Jorgensen, K. D., Kledal, T. S. A., Svendsen, O., Skakkebaek, N. E. (, Lanning, L. L., Creasy, D. M., Chapin, R. E., Mann, P. C., Barlow, N. J., Regan, K. S., Goodman, D. G. (, Myren, C. J., Einer-Jensen, N., Bennett, P. (, Russell, L. D., Ettlin, R. A., Sinha Hikim, A. P., Clegg, E. D. (. Guidelines were updated to include thorough microscopic evaluation of the testes, and state-of-the-art recommendations were published (Creasy 1997; Lanning et al. PCH type 1 is associated with the severe degeneration of anterior horn cells and is noted in Chapters 31 and 32 in relation to arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffman disease). Considering the increasing use of the minipig in toxicology, the absence of adequate knowledge on background testicular findings could hinder proper assessment of drug safety. The scrotum’s main function is … Note a normal tubule (upper left). The stage of development of the change was not taken into account in assessing the grade. Testes were trimmed transversely through the middle and embedded in paraffin as a full piece or, for some animals with very large testes, as a half or quarter piece. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia at 24 weeks in a fetus with ventriculomegaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and caudate cyst. (2010) failed to diagnose PCH type 2 in twins who underwent consecutive ultrasounds between 20 and 30 weeks of gestation. is a specialist in Urology. Concerning the 22 male minipigs necropsied at more than 10 months, 19 (86.4%) showed tubular hypoplasia/atrophy, with 5 animals (26.3%) displaying this feature in only 1 testis. In this age group, 15, 2, and 2 animals had grade 1, 2 and 3 tubular hypoplasia/atrophy, respectively, and none had grade 4. Table 4. These changes in the first four rows of tubules surrounding the retetestis were not considered in the count because they were encountered in almost all animals examined. H&E, 4×. Dental hypoplasias are nonspecific growth arrest markers in teeth that give evidence of the periodicity and intensity of stress (Chapter 19). Some examples of mitochondrial disorders, especially involving the electron transport chain, may be associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia (see earlier).487,488 The loss of function mutations in the X-linked calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) has been reported, primarily in females, resulting in brain stem and cerebellar hypoplasia, microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, and severe intellectual disability.489,490 Proportionate involvement of both the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres may differentiate this disorder from the other PCH disorders, which disproportionately affect the hemispheres over the vermis. Comparison between quantitative and semiquantitative evaluation was done by a Wilcoxon test for the overall distribution of grades according to the age categories of minipigs and by a Spearman’s rank correlation test for the correlation between grades for each animal. Bilateral testicular hypoplasia [27, 28] and atrophy [28, 29] associated with small-sized testes and aspermatogenesis occur among Sahel bucks . There were no statistically significant correlations between the severity of testicular tubular hypoplasia/atrophy and: (1) absolute weights of epididymides (p = .3900), (2) relative weights of epididymides (p = .0974), (3) prostate weight (absolute or relative, p = .6868 and p = .8099, respectively), or (4) seminal vesicles absolute weight (p = .2695). In this retrospective analysis of a large cohort of control animals (from 4.5 months to 15 months), we demonstrated the absence of relationships between the age of the minipigs and the incidence/severity of tubular hypoplasia/atrophy in the testes. In some cases of PCH there is more severe involvement of the cerebellar hemispheres. Also note the edema of the glabella (arrowheads) as an ancillary finding. The indications for implantation of the prosthesis was lack of a testis due to: (1) an anomaly – agenesis or testicular hypoplasia, (2) torsion of the spermatic cord and testicular necrosis, (3) testicular atrophy after orchiopexy of undescended testis, (4) testicular injury, or (5) testicular neoplasm. Isolated adrenal insufficiency in infancy, isolated adrenal insufficiency later in life, isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency from 2 to 9 years of age with incomplete hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and delayed puberty in females all may result (Ten et al, 2001). Forty-one animals were included in this analysis; 8 were 4 to 5 months of age, 13 were 6 to 10 months of age, and 20 were older than 10 months of age at necropsy. The epididymides were trimmed longitudinally, including head, body, and tail or transversely (head and tail only). The age of animals at necropsy ranged from 4.5 to 15 months. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Fig. The best known example of polysomy is the XXY karyotype of Klinefelter syndrome seen in stallions, bulls, boars, dogs, and tricolor cats. Other CNS abnormalities are common. In most tubules, however, when the stage of spermatocyte formation is reached, the spermatocytes undergo apoptosis or degeneration, leaving tubules lined by Sertoli cells with a vacuolated cytoplasm. H&E, 4×. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can manifest with cryptorchidism or delayed puberty (Golden et al, 1977). In cats, the syndrome is recognized in males with the tricolor, tortoise shell, or calico coat types. Find out about Lean Library here, If you have access to journal via a society or associations, read the instructions below. 2001), and all protocols were approved by internal ethical committees. , particularly the latter ( Fig gram ) and severity of testicular hypoplasia/atrophy. 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