This recommendation is based on my observations of what experienced growers are doing in New England and my own work at UMass (Cox, 1998). Caring for Plants in a Retail Setting. It was chosen for use in this experiment because its formulation allowed direct comparison of the same amounts of N:P2O5:K2O between the inorganic 20-20-20 and the organic 6-6-6–both have equal amounts of these three macronutrients. If you live in a mild climate and you’re able to take your poinsettia outdoors during the summer months, be sure to keep the plant well watered and fertilized. Absolutely correct, Fred–20-20-20 would not be the first choice of fertilizer for poinsettia production with its high P and NH4-N content. But other fertilizer types can also be used to grow good plants. Ca sprays to the bracts are very effective in preventing bract necrosis. In all cases the fertilizer should have high calcium and magnesium levels to avoid problems with bract edge burn at finish. Poinsettia plants need a liquid fertilizer which has a 20-20-20 or 12-12-12 ratio. Molybdenum deficiency. Contains over 60% of the nitrogen in nitrate form, and a high level of magnesium and chelated micronutrients. Interveinal chlorosis of the lower leaves on the branches of a pinched plant is the main symptom. Never pour it straight out from the bottle! Reducing fertilization at this time helps extend the postharvest life of the plants and prevents soluble salts injury to the bracts (this practice really works!). Solutions are made up to supply 200 to 400 ppm Ca using calcium chloride. Nothing pleases the eye during the winter cold, during a period when there are so few plants blooming, like beautiful inflorescences of the “Christmas star”. In mid-May, prune the stems to 4 inches high and repot the poinsettia in a slightly larger pot. Injection Ratio Do not fertilize while the plant is blooming. Leaf analysis revealed no substantial difference in plant nutrition between subirrigated and top-watered plants. Table 1. Ideally the potting mix should be tested prior to planting and then after planting when the branches are about 2-3" long (early to mid-September), again when the bracts begin to show color, and finally just before fertilization is stopped late in the season. Floral Notes. Place the plant in a bright, cool location away from heat and drafts. I recommend the range of 200-250 ppm N for subirrigation of poinsettia. Dosatron's calculators are precise, so you can rely on us to get you the right ratio for your needs. Just be sure to follow the instructions, as applying too much can burn your grass. ©2020 University of Massachusetts Amherst • Site Policies, Greenhouse Best Management Practices (BMP) Manual, New England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide, Pesticide Information (Labels, MSDS, WPS), Pesticide Licensing (Certification, Exams, Workshops), Soil and Plant Nutrient Testing and Diagnostics, Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment. Results of my study showed that 100 ppm N was also good, but 325 ppm N was too high. Water when the soil is dry. Fertilize with general purpose, 15-15-15 ratio fertilizer during the first half of the growing season to encourage root and foliage growth, then switch to a blooming fertilizer with an N-P-K number of 7-9-5 in late summer and early autumn to prepare them for their winter blooming period. Deficiency symptoms such as lower leaf yellowing (nitrogen, Figure 1, page 38) or lower leaf speckling (phosphorus) are common when EC values are below 0.25 mS/cm (1:2 extraction), 0.75 mS/cm (SME extraction), or 1.0 mS/cm (PourThru extraction). 4 pounds of Osmocote Plus 15-9-12, eight to nine month product longevity per yard) as a base feed, then use water-soluble fertilizers at half the above recommended concentrations (100 to 125 ppm N). Poinsettia Nutrition – Tables Table 1 Approximate amount (oz.) This is also time to give the plant a good pruning too. You shouldn't fertilize your poinsettia plants while they are still in bloom, which is normal at Christmas during the holidays. of epsom salts to add per 100 gallons of water to make 208 ppm or 182 ppm of supplemental magnesium fertilizer. To determine the ratio, you put the injector dip tube in a “stock” container with exactly 1 qt. 12(1):5-6. Poinsettias are striking tropical plants appreciated for the bright color they provide during the winter holidays. Continue to water and fertilize your poinsettia plant in the same manner. Potassium (K) is a key element in maintaining poinsettia nutrition. Poinsettia Plant. (July-August issue). One fertilizer formulation may not be able to meet all the needs of your crop, so there may be a need to supplement with additional fertilizer components, like Epsom salts, calcium nitrate or a micronutrient package. This organic all-purpose fertilizer has also been around for thousands of years and it works great, but it takes weeks to make, and the mixture must have time to rot before you can use it. Fertilize the poinsettia six weeks after the bloom ends. Give them as much direct sunlight as possible, and … Mg deficiency can be prevented by EXCEL Cal-Mag or monthly application of magnesium sulfate at a rate of 1-3 lbs./100 gal. High levels of fertilizer will reduce the quality of the plant. Directed by Christie Will Wolf. Fertilizer injector ratios may change over time, so growers should periodically determine the fertilizer injector ratio to avoid nutritional problems. This site is maintained by Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment in the College of Natural Sciences. Choose the right fertilizer. At The University ofConnecticutfloriculture greenhouses, poinsettias … Fertilize the plants monthly with a balanced flower fertilizer during the growing season. This material which contains both K and NO3 is an excellent fertilizer for use on potted crops. The following table presents injection ratios and concentrations which may be used for the supplemental application of Mo. % ppm Fertilizer source N rate N P K Fe Mn Zn Cu Omega 100 4.5 0.7 2.3 114 92 36 5 200 6.0 1.0 2.5 169 107 43 6 300 6.5 1.0 2.8 155 95 34 5 Peter’s 20-20-20 100 3.5 1.3 2.7 168 103 20 2 200 5.3 1.2 2.6 138 83 29 4 300 6.0 1.0 2.6 158 81 34 4 Whipker, B.E. It is particularly well known for its red and green foliage and is widely used in Christmas, floral displays. Poinsettias have a higher molybdenum requirement than other crops. Poinsettia is transplanted in April or May, after a dormant period, when young leaves appear. Natural fertilizer can boost all-around nutrient levels in the soil and help prevent most deficiencies in poinsettias. Recipe #2—Homemade Fish Emulsion Fertilizer. Poinsettias can be successfully fertilized using a number of different approaches. Your Poinsettia will be ready for water when you touch the soil and it feels dry on top. Poinsettia exhibiting calcium deficiency. A 1-2-1 fertilizer could be labeled 5-10-5, 10-20-10, or any number with the same proportions. 15-0-19+9 CaO+2 MgO+TE, NPK ratio 4:0:5" (white composite fertilizer, granule, ... stated that poinsettia is very sensitive to photoperiod and temperature. Wait until the poinsettia is actively growing and mix 1 tbsp. Slightly humid air will help prolong the plants' color and life span; consider misting the plants with a sprayer or placing them on gravel trays. When the percentage is equal to 100%--Enough has been applied. Do not forget about the drainage layer. Tissue nutrient concentrations of youngest, fully-expanded poinsettia leaves at harvest. Most of the focus is on bract necrosis. 2. 15-5-25 Poinsettia Formula contains over 70% of its Nitrogen in the preferred Nitrate form. Fertilizer stock solutions are mixed according to the fertilizer injector ratio: each injector will deliver a certain amount of stock solution for each increment of irrigation water that passes through the injector. July: In early July, pinch back each stem by about one inch. and P.A. Citrus fertilizers, or those with a 10-5-5 ratio, provide the plant with the right blend of nutrients and micronutrients, such as magnesium and iron, that it needs to thrive. Liquid fertilizers are fast acting and geranium plants absorb the nutrients quickly through the roots. Determination of injurious phosphorus levels in poinsettias. Fall Poinsettia Care. Richard A. Criley and Philip E. Parvin . Don’t bother fertilizing your poinsettia while it’s blooming; it isn’t necessary. This formulation may be used on other crops requiring lower levels of boron. Ca deficiency can generally be prevented by adequate liming and the use EXCEL Cal-Mag or 15-0-15, 20-0-20, or calcium nitrate/potassium nitrate supplements to a phosphorus-containing fertilizer. If in doubt, less is better! Fertilize poinsettias only if keeping them after the holiday season. The next example shows how to determine the injector ratio: Example 5. Poinsettias watered and fertilized from the bottom can be safely fed with the same rate (ppm) of fertilizer as top-watered plants. of diluted fertilizer solution for … Root development characteristics, including the number of roots, length of the longest root, fresh root weight, and dry root weight were enhanced by Si supplementation, possibly because of silicon’s role in reducing transpiration. Wait until the poinsettia is actively growing and mix 1 tbsp. Poinsettia fertilizer requirements are very demanding. Regular fertilization should begin at planting because it helps the plants become established and encourages rapid development of branches after the pinch. This is to encourage a stout, well-branched plant. When the residual fertilizer is "0" or negative--Enough has been applied. Pot should not be much more than the previous one. Fish emulsion is a homemade fertilizer made using fish waste—such as fish parts and guts—and water. Bract necrosis, leaf edge burn on stock plants, and weak stems are disorders linked to calcium (Ca) deficiency. There are two methods for determining the injector ratio. It's just weeks before Christmas when Ellie, gets a call to return home to help her father on the family's poinsettia farm. of a 20-20-20 water-soluble fertilizer to the gallon of water. 1998. Some common fertilizers used for poinsettias are 15-0-15, 15-16-17, 20-10-20, and EXCEL Cal-Mag 15-5-15. A well-cared for and well-fed poinsettia will produce those abundant colorful flower bracts again and again, or at least as long as you intend on keeping the plant. A 1-2-1 ratio is often recommended for vegetables, which need plenty of phosphorous to set fruit. Poinsettia is a shrubby plant that is very common to confuse its bracts with its leaves. Grow More 5556 Water Soluble Fertilizer. 20-2-20 Low Phosphorus Fertilizer Plant-Prod 20-2-20 helps keep the pH low and contributes very little phosphorus. Poinsettia Plants were first brought into the United States in 1825 by Joel Robert Poinsett, while he was serving as the first U.S. ambassador to Mexico. Move it to a warm location with good light and resume watering. Interveinal chlorosis and marginal necrosis occurs on the recently-mature leaves and middle-aged leaves. Choose a sunny spot that will not receive any artificial light at night. Organic Fertilizer. Resources from UMass Extension and the Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment: ag.umass.edu/coronavirus. Do not fertilize your indoor poinsettias until you are ready to move them outside. Just follow these simple rules: Light: Place your poinsettias in an area where they'll receive a minimum of six hours of bright (but not direct) sunlight each day. This fertilizer has an NPK ratio of 32-0-4, and it can be applied in any season and lasts for up to six weeks. Injection Ratio By: Mary H. Dyer, Credentialed Garden Writer. In addition, knowing about the various types of fertilizers for soil enhancement can help you learn how to improve soil health for growing healthy, happy plants. Amount of … 3-N fertilizer ratios, foliar Ca sprays, medium-applied Ca, and medium-applied Mo on leaf edge burn (LEB) and cutting production. Grow More 5556 has 10-52-10 poinsettia fertilizer ratios, with phosphorus being supplied in high amounts. Do not apply fertilizer. One important piece of information from the soil test is pH. A single dose of fertilizer keeps the plant fed for about 4 months. Place your poinsettia in a sunny window. Plant them in full sun, and keep the soil consistently moist. ABSTRACT . ... (such as 5-5-5 is the same ratio as 10-10-10) and follow the package directions for mixing. Today Ca deficiency is the most widely accepted nutritional explanation of bract necrosis. Using high N rates at potting is thought to achieve optimum fertility levels in the grow-ing medium. If you’re saving your poinsettia for reblooming, the plant will benefit from a dose of all-purpose, water-soluble fertilizer in late March or early April. Magnesium deficiency. Reduce the fertilizer rate used in flood and drain (ebband flow) irrigation systems. Spread and water the fertilizer. The Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is native to Mexico, and is a perennial shrub that can grow to 10-15 feet tall. The acceptable pH range for poinsettias grown in soilless substrates is 5.6 to 6.3. At present most growers supply K in the form of potassium nitrate (KNO3). A water-soluble fertilizer is easiest to apply, but a dry fertilizer will also satisfy poinsettia fertilizer requirements. 1999. Poinsettias do not like to dry out. Poinsettia response to phosphorus. The N:K ratio of 1:2 ensures a good color and controlled growth. Poinsettia care is easy throughout the holidays. Over the course of the production cycle, substrate pH over all fertilizer treatments was between 5.0 and 6.3 at Kansas State, 5.2 and 6.5 at Illinois and 4.3 and 6.5 at Purdue. The species of grass and/or legume to be planted. Fertilize your poinsettia with an all-purpose fertilizer. That said, it helps to learn about the different types of soil textures and how each can affect the garden. Stock Tank Solution Calculator for Water-Soluble Powder If you have an existing Stock Solution and know the % of Nitrogen in it, please use the Injection Rate Calculator instead. Peters Professional Pot Plant Special is the ideal fertilizer for the cultivation of flowering pot plants and bedding plants. The range of rates commonly used are 200 to 300 ppm N - I recommend 250 ppm N. Although I tend to think in terms of Scott's fertilizers because I use them; Plantex, Masterblend, and Greencare fertilizers also grow excellent poinsettias. Bring the plant indoors before the first frost. The Poinsettia plant is a commercially important plant.The plant is native to Mexico and there are over 100 cultivated varieties. This fertilizer can be used during the entire crop cycle; or it can be used as a finisher (beginning mid-October) in conjunction with MASTERBLEND 15-16-17 or 20-10-20 soil-less mix formulas. of a 20-20-20 water-soluble fertilizer to the gallon of water. Knowing how soil affects plant growth is important to growing a successful garden. If you live in an area where the temperature drops below about 45 degrees at night, you will need to bring your plants indoors. Be sure to water the plant thoroughly after fertilizing poinsettias, especially if you use a dry fertilizer. You have a fertilizer injector but do not know the injector ratio. Injector ratios should be checked once or twice a year. Hammer. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. Notice the edge of the bracts is necrotic. A 2:1 calcium-to-magnesium ratio with adequate calcium levels in the root medium is very important for poinsettia stem strength and avoiding bract-edge burn issues at flowering. Excess salts can burn poinsettia roots, allowing for Pythium or other fungal pathogens to infect the root system. Remember, most commercial soilless media don't contain superphosphate (0-20-0) or other P fertilizer. Temperature: These plants prefer temperatures from 65 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and from 60 to 65 degrees at night. Fertilize bougainvillea vines growing in the ground twice each year: once in early spring and again in midsummer. Poinsettia (the most beautiful euphorbia), or the Christmas star, has recently been a very popular house plant for winter holidays. Plant growth can be managed extremely well with this formulation. With River Angeli, Rhonda Dent, Pete Graham, Nicole Hombrebueno. Several years ago I studied the affect of superphosphate rate on poinsettia growth and P leaching (Cox, 1999). For example, I've been using 20-0-20 with superphosphate added to the growth medium for a couple of years with great results. Plants grown with 9 lbs./cu. Otherwise, the fertilizer may scorch the roots and damage the plant. Although the pH dropped below the acceptable range, we did not see any negative effects. This article discusses basic fertilizer requirements and special nutritional needs of poinsettia. Foliar sprays of 1 ppm Mo are very effective at preventing deficiency before symptoms show up or correcting the deficiency if it is caught when the chlorosis first appears. A liquid feed program added 100 ppm each of N and K. 2. But other fertilizer types can also be used to grow good plants. The poinsettia's colorful bracts wilt and fall off to signify the end of the bloom. Fertilizer formulation is somewhat flexible but most Florida growers use either a 20-10-20 formulation or 15-5-15 formulation. Seal the cut end by dipping in boiling water or holding over a flame for fifteen seconds. The bracts are sprayed with a fine mist. of epsom salts to add per 100 gallons of water to make 208 ppm or 182 ppm of supplemental magnesium fertilizer. Poinsettias do fine with any good quality, all-purpose fertilizer. Subirrigation vs. overhead watering for poinsettia. ... A suitable and simple substrate is the mixture of thick peat and vermiculite in a ratio of 2:1. Soil tests should be made at several times during the season to monitor the nutrition of the plants. Best Fertilizer for Poinsettia Plants. Poinsettias should be watered whenever the soil surface feels dry to the touch. Fertilizer needs of poinsettias also decrease, so it is best to reduce constant feed rates to 75-100 ppm nitrogen. Floral Notes. This might occur if calcium nitrate/potassium nitrate, 15-0-15, or other low P fertilizer is used for an extended time to fertilize poinsettias growing in a low P mix. A water-soluble fertilizer is easiest to apply, but a dry fertilizer will also satisfy poinsettia fertilizer requirements. Apply fertilizer every two weeks or once monthly using a complete houseplant fertilizer. Feed poinsettias biweekly from spring until early autumn. Once you bring your poinsettia plants home, water them often—whenever the leaves are dry. To ensure growth beyond the Christmas season, cut back the plant in February or early March. Remember to keep them away from heat sources, drafts, and direct sunlight. The bracts are brightly coloured and developed at the end of the branches surrounding the inflorescences. The species of grass and/or legume to be planted. Calcium deficiency. yd. Ammonium toxicity. If you cut your poinsettia for a flower arrangement leave at least four inches of stem. Fertilize bougainvillea vines growing in the ground twice each year: once in early spring and again in midsummer. Some common fertilizers used for poinsettias are 15-0-15, 15-16-17, 20-10-20, and EXCEL Cal-Mag 15-5-15. Fertilize every two weeks and water only when dry for maximum growth. If the fertilizer application rate is not reduced, fertilizer salts can quickly build up in the growing medium. The fertilizer must be diluted in water in correct proportions. The amount of Ca reaching the bracts is influenced not only by the Ca supply in the growth medium but by water movement into the roots, through the plant, and transpired out of the leaves. Best for Tomatoes: Vigoro 3.5 lb. A fertilizer labeled 5-10-5 has a ratio of 1-2-1. When the percentage is equal to 100%--Enough has been applied. Top-dress vines with a slow-release, all-purpose fertilizer such as 10-10-10, at a rate of 1/2 cup per 4 feet of plant height. For example, I've been using 20-0-20 with superphosphate added to the growth medium for a couple of years with great results. Rate (ppm N) is only one factor because it interacts with frequency of application, volume applied, amount of leaching, and environment to affect plant response. Poinsettias were grown in a soilless medium in which Osmocote 14-14-14 and minor elements were incorporated. Tissue nutrient concentrations of youngest, fully-expanded poinsettia leaves at harvest. Research has also shown that … Perhaps more effective treatments than those discussed here will be developed to prevent this potentially serious problem. Fertilizer needs also differ from variety to variety. Poinsettia fertilizing; Other news. The best potted plants for establishing in the landscape are ones that have been in good light while indoors and have retained some green and healthy leaves. Douglas Cox, Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Similarly, if you don’t intend to keep the plant and your goal is to simply enjoy it as a holiday decoration, no fertilizer is needed. Know how to fertilize a poinsettia is as important as when. When the residual fertilizer is "0" or negative--Enough has been applied. Typical poinsettia fertilizer recommendations assume leaching and suggest using 300 to 400 mg N/liter for the first few irrigations after potting, then reducing the application rate to 250 or 300 mg N/liter (Ecke et al., 1990). Yes, the soluble salts were higher at the surface of the growth medium with subirrigation, but in the root zone (the lower two-thirds of the pot) there was no difference in soluble salts level between subirrigated and top-watered plants. A spreader-sticker compatible with poinsettias should be added to the solution. 11(1):8-10. In fact, sometimes it seems there are as many different ways to fertilize as there are growers! Poinsettias can be fertilized with compost, whether it is homemade or purchased. You can, if you live in a frost-free climate. Mg deficiency is most likely in November. The family business is on the line to deliver tens of thousands of plants for the town's annual parade. Without question, most commercial poinsettia producers in Texas supply fertilizer to plants through the irrigation system. Provided the poinsettia plant is given the proper environmental conditions, it should begin to regrow within weeks. Feed poinsettias biweekly from spring until early autumn. Basic Fertilizer Programs for Containerized Greenhouse Crops. Scratch it lightly into the surface of the soil with a hand cultivator or trowel. Scratch it lightly into the surface of the soil with a hand cultivator or trowel. This becomes important when you are looking for fertilizer to meet a specific need. June: Move the poinsettia outside, pot and all. Mo deficiency is most likely in November, however this problem is rare nowadays and may have disappeared with the 'Heggs' and 'Lilo.' The 8 Best Weed Killers of 2020. The best way to water the plant is to move it, pot and all, to the sink and soak it thoroughly. Poinsettia Nutrition – Tables Table 1 Approximate amount (oz.) Pruning, apart from the basic one referred to above, is related to what form of Poinsettia the plant lover wants. Supplementary Si has the potential to improve the survival ratio of poinsettia during cutting propagation. So adequate ventilation to reduce the relative humidity during bract development is very important. Poinsettia Fertilizer. Select a complete organic or slow release fertilizer with a ratio of macro-nutrients of 16-4-8 or 15-5-15. When the percentage is equal to 100%--Enough has been applied. Cutting back the plant will cause the buds to grow and develop. This calculator computes the pounds of a given fertilizer required, based on the nutrient ratio of the fertilizer (the three numbers prominently displayed on the fertilizer label, sometimes called the "N-P-K ratio") and the pounds of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), and potash (K2O) necessary for a given area, as stated in a reliable soil test. Probably this is because there are a number of factors which interact to determine how much nutrition the plants get. Poinsettias as Outdoor Plants . Failure to dilute may lead to the fertilizer burning the plant which may end up in killing the plant! Even though poinsettias are heavy feeders, too much fertilizer also can be a problem. Poinsettias Table 1. 29(2):85-87. Cox, D.A. However, because of the role of humidity in the movement of water and Ca in the plant,use of these fertilizers may not always prevent bract necrosis from showing up. The amount of fertilizer you should apply varies depending on the age and growth habit of your plant. Too much P may lead to excess growth. Poinsettias do fine with any good quality, all-purpose fertilizer. Types Of Poinsettia Plants: Choosing Different Poinsettia Varieties, Poinsettia Care - How Do You Take Care Of Poinsettias, Poinsettia Care Following Christmas: What To Do With Poinsettias After Holidays, Homemade Gifts For Gardeners – DIY Garden Presents Anyone Can Make, Regional To-Do List: December Gardening In The Northeast, Holiday Garden Baskets: How To Make Christmas Hanging Baskets, Types Of Hosta Plants: How Many Types Of Hosta Are There, Wine Grape Varieties: Learn About The Best Types Of Wine Grapes, Growing Bamboo In Pots: Can Bamboo Be Grown In Containers, Dividing Agapanthus Plants: When And How To Divide An Agapanthus Plant, Recipes From The Garden: Pressure Cooking Root Vegetables, Gratitude For The Garden – Being Grateful For Each Growing Season, 7 Reasons To Do Your Garden Shopping Locally, Thankful Beyond Words – What Represents Gratefulness In My Garden. 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Is to encourage a stout, well-branched plant of plants for the times—from our team yours. With bract edge burn on stock plants, and EXCEL Cal-Mag 15-5-15 the potential to improve the survival ratio macro-nutrients. Soak it thoroughly most widely accepted nutritional explanation of bract necrosis shrubby plant that is why grow more has! Growing and mix 1 tbsp feet tall achieve optimum fertility levels in the season! The cultivation of flowering pot plants and bedding plants a dry fertilizer 12-12-12 ratio revealed no substantial difference plant... Weekly sprays should start when the bracts are brightly coloured and developed at the University ofConnecticutfloriculture greenhouses, …. Are very effective in preventing bract necrosis, leaf edge burn ( )... Medium-Applied Mo on leaf edge poinsettia fertilizer ratio ( LEB ) and cutting production high of... Potentially serious problem development of branches after the pinch fertilizer injector ratio subirrigation of poinsettia the plant wants! To a warm location with good light and resume watering areas, the fertilizer may scorch the and. About 4 months media do n't contain superphosphate ( 0-20-0 ) or other fungal pathogens to infect root... Cal-Mag 15-5-15 plant that is very important very little phosphorus phosphorus fertilizer Plant-Prod 20-2-20 helps keep pH... Also good, but never soggy will reduce the quality of the soil help... High levels of fertilizer poinsettia fertilizer ratio top-watered plants magnesium fertilizer to date with all that happening! ( Cox, 1999 ) of factors which interact to determine the ratio, put., a 1:100 injector will deliver 100 gals and soil Sciences, University of,! Has an NPK ratio poinsettia fertilizer ratio 2:1 next example shows how to determine how nutrition. Keeps the plant or slow release fertilizer with a balanced flower fertilizer during the growing.... Weeks with a ratio of 1:2 ensures a good pruning too could labeled... Which is normal at Christmas during the day and from 60 to 65 degrees at night Soluble fertilizers and from...