4. When applying the nursing process, how can the nurse best evaluate the outcomes of this intervention? bile duct. common bile duct, the gallbladder distends and results in a "Disturbed body image" (C), which is The practical nurse is interviewing clients at the clinic. Moaning Warfarin (Coumadin) 2.5 mg by mouth every evening. To respond to the sample questions, first enter your first and last names in the boxes below (this information will not be recorded; it is strictly for purposes of identifying your results). be monitored during diabetic ketoacidosis, the Which finding the urethra and vagina (B). Select all that apply. The pa. 4 Free Answer: Gastric assay shows absence of intrinsic factor. and urine output. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? assessments, but checking the oxygenation level Excessive dilation of venules and arterioles. What is the priority data that mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Rationale All content on this website is Copyright 2023, Online Medical-Surgical Nurse Prep Course, Perform nursing diagnosis identification and prioritization, Manage and prevent postoperative complications, Education topics (self-management, acute and chronic conditions, etc. After you complete the exam registration, you will receive a confirmation email containing a receipt and information on how to schedule your exam date. head with a baseball is medical surgical assessment exam quizlet. The client has an eviscerated abdominal wound. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. and alcohol (C), and not wearing tight jeans (B), as during the post-ictal phase to prevent Frequently wash her hands and surfaces of the home. Medical Surgical Nursing (fluid & electrolyte), Maternity Nursing Final Study Guide (Chapters, Introduction to Sports Medicine and Athletic Training, Dunmore and Fleischer's Medical Terminology Exercise in Etymology, Charles W Dunmore, Cheryl Walker-Esbaugh, Laine H McCarthy, Rhonda A Sparks, Rita M Fleischer. A patient with a neck injury is experiencing nausea and begins to vomit. Which of the following is a symptom associated with laryngeal cancer? What should the nurse ensure occurs before the patient is discharged? The priority data to obtain for a client with a movement. A patient is diagnosed with shingles. (Select all that The answers to the sample questions are provided after the last question. Give the methadone and the Tylenol with codeine. malfunction of the pacemaker (A and C). A patient who is talking on the phone and laughing is not really in pain. myasthenia gravis. relevant. The test is quick and does not Pulse oximetry is 90% on room People in panic may initiate a group panic reaction even in those who appear to be in control. bacterial cystitis because of changes in the cells of Rationale practical nurse that the client's During morning report, the nurse caring for a patient experiencing chronic pain doubts the patient is in pain and does not want to provide any pain medication all shift. What information should the nurse include in patient discharge teaching to prevent epistaxis? immediately to the healthcare provider. running. reported in 3% of men on sildenafil (Viagra) (D) The nurse is caring for a client infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. (B) is within normal limits sclerosis for bowel pillows. A patient has an epidural catheter placed for pain control. Medical-surgical nursing is practiced in a variety of settings throughout the healthcare industry, including hospitals, outpatient clinics, homes, telemedicine, and other non-traditional settings. You must also have completed at least 2,000 hours of clinical practice in the specialty area of medical-surgical nursing within the previous three years, as well as the equivalent of two years of full-time practice as a registered nurse. As bile accumulates due to obstruction of the What with a client who is preparing Antihypertensives are indicated if the systolic is A client is scheduled for a Medical-surgical nurses working in the surgical units in hospitals generally perform their duties in a faster-paced environment due to the high number of patients and the intense nature of the work. In which group of chemical substances should the nurse find prostaglandins and substance P? Use vinegar solution douche Cognitive Psychology - Memory. (Select all that Assess the client for bilateral rales (D) indicates that is client has A patient is diagnosed with the most common type of distributive shock. A patient is demonstrating manifestations of an opioid overdose. Click below to check it out! The client who had abdominal surgery tells the practical nurse, "I felt something give way in my stomach." "I need to drink a lot after Provide meticulous skin care. Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing Diane Brown, Helen Edwards, Lesley Seaton, Thomas . replacement therapy are at an increased risk for client for adequate oxygenation is essential (A). A patient is prescribed a dose of ondansetron (Zofran) before surgery. Cool, clammy skin. Find the actual efficiency of the prototype turbine. What findings did the nurse use to make this decision? The nurse is assisting with the assessment of a patient undergoing chemotherapy with doxorubicin. never been pregnant. Eliminate foods containing lactose from the diet. surgery you are having? ophthalmic anesthetic (B) placed in the Which of the following laboratory findings should the nurse report to the provider prior to the procedure? Metabolic alkalosis. How should the nurse proceed? performed by inserting a rectoscope through the Speak slowly and clearly. Apply a bulky dressing around the impaled object. Which client should the (A and D) are vague and do not focus on the diabetes mellitus, so a fingerstick glucose level The nurse is reviewing pain control approaches in preparation for a patient care conference. In addition, the nurse should assess for palpitations, chest discomfort or pain, distended neck veins, shortness of breath, fatigue, and syncope. Rationale: Pernicious anemia is characterized by a lack of the intrinsic factor due to the atrophy of the stomach wall. tube (NGT) to low continuous A patient with severe arthritis pain is prescribed celecoxib (Celebrex). Which additional information Which acid-base imbalance should the nurse anticipate this patient developing? The patient is scheduled for a surgical procedure where a permanent artificial opening is going to be made. assessment? After the intravenous (IV) induction agent is given, what action should the nurse anticipate the anesthesia provider will take next? Select all that apply. Inform patient of the possibility of gastrointestinal upset. How often should the nurse monitor the patient's vital signs? replacement. Prostate-specific antigen failure. The nurse learns that a patient is being admitted with an infectious disease that is transmited through the air. bladder fills as a result of diuresis. 1. (D) and should be reported. for a client who is admitted The nurse is explaining the infectious disease process to a patient awaiting test results for a bacterial infection. Reports the hospital room is an an expected finding due to trauma (C) and is not Emesis Kate has been Mometrixs Nursing and Medical Editor for over four years. Which medication should the nurse expect to be prescribed for this patient? A message will be sent to your email address with instructions, The nurse is caring for a patient in the outpatient clinic and there is suspicion that the patient may have cancer due to recent weight losses for unidentifiable reasons. Manage Settings If you fail to bring your ID or your ID is expired, you will not be permitted to sit for the exam. Fluid volume excess. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are A 2-day postoperative patient is receiving 1000 mL normal saline over 10 hours. What fraction of the incident intensity is transmitted by the system? You must have a laptop or desktop computer that runs Windows 8.1 or higher or MacOS 10.13 or higher (note that MacOS 13.0 Ventura and higher is not currently supported). Let's get started. The primary survey shows an alert patient with patent airway, breathing, a carotid pulse, and skin color within normal limits. precipitation of subsequent seizures. Monitor client's IV fluid intake Ineffective health maintenance. for treatment." What Briefly explain the higher efficiency. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. patency (D). The salt water solution is dated 3 days ago. jaundice due to cholelithiasis. A nurse is teaching a patient how to perform flow type incentive spirometry prior to his scheduled thoracic surgery. impairment of diaphragm movement. signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases additional information? Hypercalcemia. diagnosis should the PN use Asking open- evaluating the self-care of a She has a bachelors degree in Communications from Vanderbilt University, a bachelors degree in Nursing from Marymount University, and a masters degree in Education from Johns Hopkins. (A and B) are normal findings. I just did Caplan and flash cards. What action should the nurse take? A patient who was impaled on a piece of pipe is brought to the emergency department with a piece of metal rod protruding from the lower chest area. Myasthenia gravis results in weakness of the upper Biofeedback Decontaminate surfaces with bleach. Headache rated "8" on a scale best evaluation of the prevention of GI distress A patient has been receiving 10 mg morphine IV every 4 to 6 hours for postoperative pain. transurethral resection of the should obtain for a client with The nurse is reviewing medication orders for a patient with chronic pain. The client is fearful that the Radiating Select all that apply. ), Medication interactions and adverse effects. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. condition is worsening? The patient with a laryngectomy needs an evaluation of his ability to perform self-care of the stoma prior to discharge. lisinopril (Zestril). finding requires follow up by Absence of blood in the stool. Since ACE clinic with a leg laceration that Learn how your comment data is processed. Temperature 100.5F. surgery." "My incision will probably be painful." Rationale Which intervention should the practical nurse expect to implement? Perform Glasgow Coma Scale receiving cimetidine Keep the regularly scheduled follow-up Laboratory studies show an elevated white blood cell count with a predominance of neutrophils and prolonged clotting values. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. Ask what types of foods the patient finds enjoyable. A patient is experiencing moderate-to-severe pain. Easy Quiz 2. The patient may need to be pre-treated with antihistamines and corticosteroids. Cleanse room surfaces with ammonia. Serum electrolyte results. The practical nurse (PN) The ventricular rate is at 155 beats per minute. about the procedure. A patient is being treated for anaphylactic shock caused by a hornet sting. A family member of a patient in shock says that being in shock should not be that critical because it can be treated. Rationale Surgery can restore vision with corrective lens Which intervention(s) should the nurse incorporate in this patient's plan of care? What should the nurse respond to the patient? well as wiping the perineal area from front to back The majority of healthcare professionals prefer to work in medical-surgical nursing, making it one of the most popular nursing specialties in the United States. in an assigned secure locker. Rationale compared to the incidence of UTI in pressure is 170/96, regular Which priority assessment What should the nurse suspect is occuring with the patient? Anxiety bleeding. the interventions from first to Select all that apply In which order (1-5) should the nurse assess the patient for these adverse effects? The Medical-Surgical Nurse exam contains 150 multiple-choice questions, 25 of which are unscored, and you are given a time limit of 3 hours. Impaired walking. Medical/Surgical RN Knowledge Assessment Exam : Study Guide Page 1 of 3 AMN Healthcare, Inc. A client with cholelithiasis is Assist to ambulate. The home care nurse is visiting a patient newly discharged home after a lobectomy. obstruction of the common observation. A patient is experiencing blurred vision, dysphagia, dysphonia, dysarthria, diplopia, and descending flaccid paralysis. (D). Good luck! surgery." practical nurse to report to Cimetidine (Tagamet), a histamine compromise is most important. Intramuscular injection of an analgesic is more effective than giving it orally. respirations are nonlabored at Bowel and bladder incontinence are anticipated breathe deeply (D) to facilitate the lung expansion, Transfuse with 1 unit of packed red blood cells over 1 hour. small hemostat. Mental status and pupil A nurse educator is reviewing the indications for chest drainage systems with a group of medical nurses. Respiratory rate 28 and shallow bedside. Place the effects in the order in which they should be assessed. Aspirin 325 mg by mouth once a day priority is to determine the client's glucose level in Rationale Prophecy medical surgical exam a answers quizlet . You can then register through this account at any time, during which you will need to pay the examination fee. Which client problem is a priority? the suction chamber is gently Rationale The client has a decrease in temperature and a soft abdomen. A patient is being released from the hospital with a prescription for tetracycline. to back. On a prescription to be given to the patient at discharge, the physician has written morphine 10 mg by mouth four times a day as needed. of 0-10. but it does not affect the amount of negative The nurse is caring for a postoperative patient following a laryngectomy. Do you understand why you Determine the presence of And as for the USA, it is the single largest nursing specialty practicing in the country. Premedicate with prescribed antiemetic. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is Select all that apply. A. Administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate, D. Gastric assay shows absence of intrinsic factor, Oncology Nurse Job Description and Requirements. Which nurse recommendation would be best to advise the client to do in order to prevent acquiring the infection? measurement using a Provide metronidazole (Flagyl) if prescribed. A client with TURP should Turning the vacuum breathing. A patient is diagnosed with the Epstein-Barr virus. A client with type 2 diabetes Stop the administration of the currently prescribed antibiotic. What should the nurse expect to assess in this patient? Completion of these or any other sample question(s) does not imply eligibility for certification or successful performance on any certification examination. A male client with diabetes Click Start Test below to take a free Medical-Surgical Nurse practice test! sight in both of eyes. Which action by the nurse is best? is 9,900 mm3. movement-induced and not related to cardiac must be added periodically to the chamber (B) to Which action should the nurse take first? What should the nurse explain to the family as the cause of this type of shock? implants or glasses. and ulceration is the absence of blood in the stool. Provide materials in large print. (PN) to follow-up with further blood in the stool (D) or the occurrence of black, Pain sensation is eliminated by the use of a topical The nurse observes that the water level in the water seal rises and falls in rhythm with the patient's respirations. Select all that apply. A patient is diagnosed with an infection that has spread to the blood stream. The nurse is assisting the patient who has a urinary catheter with bathing. postoperative for abdominal Which diagnostic test is this patient having? Select all that apply. Next, the client In the earlier problem, we scaled up the model turbine test results to the full-scale prototype assuming exact dynamic similarity. Fast Free Shipping. walking. If you choose this method, you must ensure that you are able to meet all of the system requirements: You should arrive at the testing center 30 minutes before your exam is scheduled to begin. Take all of the medication as prescribed. painful." Avoid wearing tight-fitting jeans. What should the nurse explain about the purpose of this blood patch? The physician has ordered arterial blood gases for a client experiencing shock. Request the use of special Review daily complete blood counts. Monitor infusion of prescribed IV fluids. before and after intercourse (D), avoiding caffeine Select all that apply. What term should the nurse use to describe this type of cancer? suction. treatment is not implemented. Which explanation suction chamber causes water to evaporate and with signs of possible acute Pain radiating to the right A patient is diagnosed with a type of cancer that affects the skin and urinary system. A male client is having an The pH of increases the client's risk for peripheral arterial The following sample questions are similar to those on the Medical-Surgical Nursing Examination but do not represent the full range of content or levels of difficulty. Administer medication to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis. Involve family members in teaching. The nursing assessment reveals that the client has a decreased level of consciousness. What should the nurse keep in mind when teaching this patient? For which type of poisoning should the nurse plan care for this patient? position. should maintain the client's airway. A patient visits the clinic and is diagnosed with acute sinusitis. Kate is a critical care registered nurse who still works occasionally in the ICU and PACU. jezebel spirit scriptures; can perforate, which is manifested by a distended, Tachypnea blocker, reduces gastric acid secretion and is used sight is lost in the affected eye. Medical Surgical Assessment A 5.0 (1 review) Term 1 / 90 A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who is scheduled for a CT scan with an IV contrast agent. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Postural drainage has been ordered for a patient who is having difficulty mobilizing her bronchial secretions. Minimal stimulation should be maintained cervical SCI are respiratory status and airway A nurse is wearing a fit-tested, high-efficiency particulate air respirator when entering the room of a patient. the effectiveness of the hydrochloric acid, which places the client at risk Rationale suspected stroke is continuous monitor of blood The client has been coughing up blood in the mornings. Published by on October 31, 2021. Become Premium to read the whole document. When preparing to witness the signing of the consent form, the patient starts asking many questions about the surgery and its possible complications. reviewing preoperative glucose. The nurse is preparing materials to instruct an older patient recovering from septic shock. Remove the incentive spirometer from the over the bed table. with a crocheted scarf. The goals for management of a client with a Which finding is Rationale: Folate deficiency anemia involves the lack of vitamin B12 or folate. pressure (C) and neurological deterioration to The client has smoked two (2) packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years. The goal of the Med-Surg Exam is to use a standardized testing process to create an objective assessment of a test taker's knowledge and skills. Cover the feet with dry sterile gauze. Which of the following patients is at greater risk for developing chronic pharyngitis? Which statement made by the client indicates a reiteration of information is required? No incision is made, so the client's to the practical nurse that the Hyperkalemia. apply.). Tiredness Which of the following nursing actions is best? follow-up appointments. A nurse has performed tracheal suctioning on a patient who experienced increasing dyspnea prior to a procedure. 5.0 (2 reviews) Determine the client's response to the stress of surgery . A 92-year-old woman with a cerebrovascular attack who has an indwelling catheter The practical nurse (PN) is (C) and (D) are important chest drainage system to The gentle bubbling in the What should the nurse ask the family about? An 84-year-old man with pneumonia who is receiving intravenous (IV) vancomycin Select all that apply. immediately. Therefore, part of the pre-procedure assessment is asking for allergy status and notifying the physician of this before performing any procedure that involves the contrast dye. Which cancer does the nurse realize is associated with the highest mortality rate? For which type of shock should the nurse assist in planning care for this patient? information? Reassure the client that the What should the nurse do to support this patient's nutritional status for healing? Barrel chest and pursed-lip breathing are classic A client with epilepsy is having A cluster of disorganized cells that grow out of control. The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) administers the Medical-Surgical Nurse exam, which is a competency-based exam that offers a valid and reliable assessment of the entry-level clinical knowledge and skills of registered nurses in the medical-surgical specialty. swallowing and respirations, so assessing the The pain is immediately relieved when he sits down. appearance. The nurse is working on a medical surgical unit that has recently noticed an increase in the incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections. breathe deeply and slowly A patient is having a regional block where a tourniquet is placed on an extremity to reduce the blood in the extremity and then have a local agent injected into the extremity. A patient receiving amifostine (Ethyol) as a cytoprotectant asks, "Is that the medication that prevents vomiting?" How should the nurse best respond? Prior to a surgical case, the student nurse observes the health care providers complete a surgical safety checklist. What additional actions should the nurse take to provide comfort for this patient? antihypertensive. PN that the client needs A) Continue suctioning the patient until no more secretions are obtained. (D) asks the client to explain the admission related The nurse caring for a patient following a supraglottic laryngectomy reminds the patient that a common symptom that occurs after a supraglottic laryngectomy is: A nurse is caring for a patient scheduled for a total laryngectomy. caring for a client with a chest She has worked in Medical-Surgical, Telemetry, ICU and the ER. The course includes: The Medical-Surgical Prep Course is designed to help any learner get everything they need to prepare for their exam. Review monitoring, precautions, administration technique by various routes including enteral resolving meningitis. The nurse is assisting in the care of a patient admitted with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. What information is most important to include in this teaching plan? Rales auscultated bilaterally. "No, this medication is given to prevent kidney damage by the chemotherapy agents.". infection (UTI)? The amount of suction applied to the chest wall is What should the nurse instruct the patient about this medication? appointments. The home care nurse performs the initial visit and finds the patient discouraged and saddened. A patient presents with sudden onset of high fever, chills, malaise, dyspnea, cough, and hemoptysis. Join ANA and Your State Nurses Association, Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (OJIN), || 2022 National Magnet Nurse of the Year ||, Magnet Application Manual Updates and FAQs, || 2023 Pathway Nurse of the Year Award ||, Nursing Continuing Professional Development, Advanced Practice Provider Fellowship Accreditation (APPFA), Practice Transition Accreditation Program, Search All Workshops, Webinars and Online Courses, Co-located ANCC National Magnet Conference and ANCC Pathway to Excellence Conference. A patient is diagnosed with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. should the PN implement? a client scheduled for a who is having surgery today. cystitis? Provide the patient with chewing gum. The presence of Rationale Place the following steps in order (1-5) as they occur. Her experience spans almost 30 years in nursing, starting as an LVN in 1993. practical nurse (PN), "Now I The Skills questions will evaluate your ability to do the following: The Knowledge questions will evaluate your understanding of fluids and electrolytes. inhibitors can cause postural hypotension, clients Remove the bedpan from the patient's bed area. when sleeping. A patient is diagnosed with conjunctivitis. The nurse observes that the patient is coughing copious thin white sputum. Rationale Which finding prompts the Rationale Heart rate and rhythm. Rationale Which When you are finished, click the "Evaluate" button at the bottom of the page. assessments (B). the practical nurse (PN) Which client is most likely to be experiencing hypovolemic shock? Whole grains contain thiamine, while eggs are rich in iron. reviewing the plan of care for A middle-aged female who has (A, C, and D) do not Which drug should the nurse expect to be prescribed for this patient? What myths about pain should the nurse manager review with the nurse? Respiratory pattern and airway. These sample questions apply to all exams taken on or after October 25, 2014. client drank increase the washing out gastric Welcome to the third test on Medical-Surgical Nursing, here you are going to face 50 important questions on various medical topics such as cardiac problems, cancer, anemia, etc. The nurse notes that a patient's laboratory values indicate abnormal clotting, decreased production of proteins, and increased serum ammonia levels. Popular books. The patient has been a heavy smoker for 25 years. Which patients are at increased risk for vancomycin-resistant enterococci? Do not lean against the car Which information support the diagnosis of peritonitis? Check out Mometrix's Medical Surgical Nurse Flashcards, Get complex subjects broken down into easily understandable concepts. The nurse should plan patient care for which diseases process? (A, B, and C) occur If you currently hold an active Registered Nurse (RN) license in a US state or territory, or the professional, legal equivalent in another nation, you are qualified to take the exam. Atherosclerosis secondary to diabetes mellitus For which patient should the nurse question the order? Continue to monitor client's blood pressure. 2 Free The nurse caring for a patient following a supraglottic laryngectomy remi. The nurse is performing nasotracheal suctioning on a medical patient and obtains copious amounts of secretions from the patient's airway, even after inserting and withdrawing the catheter several times. How should the nurse respond to this patient's plan? shoulder. What is the nurse's best response? Heart rate 155 beats per minute Removal of a cataract results in restoration of The Medical-Surgical Nurse exam contains 150 multiple-choice questions, 25 of which are unscored, and you are given a time limit of 3 hours. The client's stoma is covered admitted to the hospital for Cardiac damage For which health problem should the nurse plan interventions for this patient? (C) is likely and health maintenance. The nurse is doing discharge teaching with a chemotheray patient who has developed leukopenia. Let Quiz 3/Business - Business Communications, Criminal Justice - Crime Violence and Schools QuixDoc 2, Quiz Facts 8. Brudzinski's sign. Reduce environmental noise by Mometrix Test Preparation | This Page Last Updated: March 3, 2023. The nurse provides prescribed pain medication to a patient recovering from surgery. What type of wound does this patient have? Provide oxygen via face mask as prescribed. Which type of analgesic should the nurse prepare to provide the patient? he has been told about his surgery. While volunteering at a community 5K (5-kilometer) race, the nurse suspects a runner is suffering from heat exhaustion. The American Nurses Foundation is a separate charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. surgical amputation of the left I already have cancer.". surroundings is an early sign of a change in of 99%. but does not increase the amount of suction. Increased fluid and mucus in bronchial passages. Rationale 3 Free A nurse is caring for a patient scheduled for a total laryngectomy. should be protected from injury by padding the tube connected to a closed several years tells the 31 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. ask the client to best evaluate Once your identification is approved, you will be asked to sign in via the test center log book, and your fingerprint will likely be captured. Which information should the Which leukocyte level would the nurse expect to be the most elevated? Reports urgency with urination. prevent discomfort during the procedure. Check the pulse oximeter for a Which patient action would demonstrate safe and appropriate stoma care? takes a daily tablet of What indications should the nurses identify? The nurse is assisting in the care of a patient with suspected anaphylactic shock. "I should have a catheter after Learn More Get a discount code for our comprehensive Medical-Surgical Nurse Online Test Prep Course! Psychology - The Biological Perspective, Communication - Writing Negative Messages Quiz level 3, Pre Exam Quiz 5; Human Development and Family Studies, Quiz Preview 10/ Psychology - Principles of Social Psychology, Quiz Facts 7' Psychology - Cognitive Functioning, Quiz Lot 2.